The 4 Rules of Firearm Safety

These four fundamental rules — attributed to Colonel Jeff Cooper — form the foundation of safe firearms handling. Every gun owner should know and practice them at all times.

Rule 1: Treat Every Firearm as If It's Loaded

Even if you've personally verified a firearm is unloaded, continue to handle it with the same respect as a loaded weapon. This mindset prevents complacency and ensures safe handling habits are automatic.

Rule 2: Never Point a Firearm at Anything You're Not Willing to Destroy

Always be aware of where your muzzle is pointed. This is often called "muzzle discipline." At the range, at home, at a gun show — always control your muzzle direction.

Rule 3: Keep Your Finger Off the Trigger Until Ready to Shoot

Your finger should be straight and alongside the frame (indexed) until you've made the conscious decision to fire. This is "trigger discipline" and prevents negligent discharges.

Rule 4: Be Sure of Your Target and What's Beyond It

Before firing, positively identify your target and know what's behind it. Bullets can pass through targets and travel significant distances. You are responsible for every round you fire.

Applying the Rules

At Home

• Store firearms securely (safe, lock box, or cable lock)
• Store ammunition separately from firearms when possible
• Teach all household members about firearm safety

At the Range

• Follow all range rules in addition to the 4 rules
• Wear eye and ear protection
• Only handle firearms at the firing line when the range is hot

At Gun Shows

• All firearms on the show floor should be unloaded and verified
• Never dry-fire without permission
• Follow show-specific safety rules

Resources

For firearms safety courses near you, contact your local gun range or visit the NRA's education programs.